Beijing
Patent
Mechanical Engineering
Chinese,English
Mr. Perry Wu YANG graduated from Zhejiang University (B.S., 1982), majoring in mechanical engineering, and he received professional training at intellectual property law firms in Germany and the U.K. from 1984 to 1985.
Mr. YANG started his professional career in 1982; worked for the Patent and Trademark Agency of CCPIT from 1982 to 1992; and joined the firm of Liu, Shen & Associates as a founding partner in 1993. His areas of special interests and experiences are patent filing, prosecution and invalidation proceedings in the field of mechanical engineering, and now he is the President of the firm.
Mr. YANG is deputy to the 12th National People's Congress, the President of All-China Patent Attorneys Association (ACPAA), the President of the International Federation of Intellectual Property Attorneys (FICPI) China Section, and the Vice President of AIPPI China. He is also a member of Beijing Lawyers Association and LES China Group.
Beijing
Trademark,Copyright
Chinese,English
PROFILE
Education: Bachelor of Law
University: Northeast University of Finance & Economics
Qualification: Attorney at law (1994)
SUMMARY
Mr. Kai Yang, attorney at law, is a senior associate in the firm. He obtained a bachelor’s degree in law when graduating from the Law School of the Northeast University of Finance & Economics in 1991. He started practicing law in 1994. Mr. Yang further received extensive training on trademark related laws and practice organized by AOTS in Japan in 2003.
Mr. Yang worked for two law firms as an attorney before joining Liu, Shen & Associates in 2000. Now Mr. Yang works in the Legal Department of the firm and has handled many trademark opposition and cancellation cases as well as many trademark related administrative proceedings before the TMO, TRAB and the Courts. Mr. Yang is also an expert in advising clients on various IP related laws such as copyright, unfair competition, license contract and trade secrets. His working laguanges are Chinese and English.
- Li Ning Company v. Putian Yuxin Trading Co., Ltd., infringement of the "Li Ning and Device" registered trademark, involving customs protection of intellectual property rights. Mr. Yang represented Li Ning Company and won the case.
- Heineken v. Trademark Review and Adjudication Board, “喜力” trademark review opposition review litigation case. Mr. Yang represented Heineken and won the case. This is the first time that the people’s court of the first instance permitted the trademark owner to supplement the submission of new evidence in the trademark administrative litigation proceeding. The case was included in the 2004 edition of the Chinese Trademark Report, Volume 1.
- Beijing Xiyangyang Culture Development Co., Ltd. v. Samsung China and Samsung Tianjin, the neighboring right dispute. Mr. Yang represented Samsung, and this case was settled via mediation.
- US Fine Art Lamps v. Zhongshan Juguang Lighting Co., Ltd, copyright infringement on product catalogs and lamp products. Mr. Yang represented US Fine Art Lamps and won the case in both first and second instances. This is the first time that Chinese court identified lighting products as "works of art with practical functions" and should be protected by copyright law. The case was chosen as the top ten intellectual property cases at Beijing Second Intermediate Court in 2006, meanwhile was covered by the related US medias.
- DESCENTE LTD v. Shenzhen Zouxiunet Company, trademark infringement. Mr. Yang represented the trademark holder DESCENTE LTD and won the case. This case is the first trademark infringement case against group-buying websites, and the court affirmed that the group-buying websites should be responsible for the trademark infringement. This case was chosen as the top ten intellectual property cases in Beijing High Court in 2012, and was chosen as one of the top 50 top ten intellectual property cases by the Supreme Court.
- Representing BASF, Merrill Lynch, Chivas, Anheuser-Busch, Matsushita Timberland and many other famous brands to crack down on fake products, through the local Administrations of Industry and Commerce.
- “Team Beatles” trademark opposition review administrative litigation. Mr. Yang represented the owner of merchandising right of the Beatles to stop the other’s registration of “Beatles” as trademark and finally won the case in the first and second instance at Beijing Intermediate Court and Beijing High Court. This is the first time that Chinese court admitted the merchandising right upon the band’s name.
- Beijing Daoxiangcun v. Suzhou Daoxiangcun, Mr. Yang represented Beijing Daoxiangcun and finally won the case in the re-trail instance at the Supreme Court. This case has typical meaning in resolving the disputes among numerous time-honored brands, and was chosen as one of the top 10 IP cases in 2014 by the Supreme Court.
- Series of Cock device trademark cases, in these cases, Mr. Yang represented for the trademark owner DESCENTE LTD, prevented the other party from imitating the famous trademark.
- Represented for HACHETTE FILIPACCHI PRESSE in the customs IP protection case in Beijing Customs, in which case the trademark holder tracked down more than 13,000 items of trademark infringing clothes. This case is the biggest case that Beijing Customs handled in 2016, and was reported by CCTV, BTV, Beijing Daily and other medium.
All-China Lawyers Association (ACLA)
Beijing
Patent
Mechanical Engineering,Vehicle Engineering,Medical Devices
Chinese,English
PROFILE
Educational Background: Master degree for Information System; US LLM; China Master of Law degree
University：Beijing Aeronautics and Astronautics University (2005)；
US John Marshal Law School (2014)；
China University of Political science and Law (2017)
Qualification: Patent Attorney (2006)；Attorney at Law (2008)
SUMMARY
Mr. Yao specializes in providing legal service related to patent law. Based on the extensive experiences from patent prosecution and litigation in almost fifteen years, Mr. Yao has deep understanding on the spirit of China patent legal system. As the leading attorney, Mr. Yao has handled patent disputes for various international and domestic enterprises. Mr. Yao has the expertise to design overall litigation strategy based on specific cases and also the strong ability to summarize and analyze case details for the best of the clients. Mr. Yao is proficient in patent searching, with excellent skills in making searching strategy based on combined searching resources, establishing solid basis for the success of patent invalidation.
In technical field, Mr. Yao successfully represents France Staubli in a patent infringement case on textile machinery, which is selected as one of 2013 Top 10 IP cases in Jiangsu High Court. The corresponding patent administrative case is selected as one of 2017 guiding cases in Supreme Court. In telecommunication field, Mr. Yao participates a high-profile SEP infringement lawsuits, involving complicated determination of patent infringement, overloaded evidence summarizing and new FRAND issues. Further, Mr. Yao also provides patent related services for various enterprises, such as Qualcomm, Samsung , Schneider, Siemens, Knipex, Aux, Opple, GoerTek, OFO, Delphilaser, and is highly praised by the clients.
Mr. YAO keeps a close eye on development in IP law system in China and is active in reviewing IP hot issues and providing opinions in law amendments. Mr. Yao has solely or jointly published research articles on many topics on patent law. Mr. Yao has made presentations in many international IP conferences, with heated responses.
Representative Cases
- An international telecommunication company v. a domestic telecommunication company, representing the international telecommunication company to attend SEP and non-SEP patent infringement group cases and patent invalidation group cases(over 40 cases) as the leading attorney, involving correspondence between telecommunication standards and SEPs, FRAND issues.
- Represented Aux to participate patent litigation and invalidation campaign among domestic air-conditioner enterprises.
- Represented defendant Samsung China to attend patent infringement litigation group cases before Shanghai IP Court and successfully challenged the validity of the series patents in a quick schedule to force the plaintiff to withdraw the cases.
- Represented plaintiff Staubli to launch series patent infringement litigation in Shanghai and Suzhou and obtained the overall success with the injunction and damages and IP Complaint Service for Staubli in Exhibition in Shanghai in 2012 and 2014 in “ITMA ASIA + CITME”. Selected as one of the TOP 10 cases in 2013 before Jiangsu High Court and also as one of the guiding cases before Supreme Court in 2017.
- Represented US Foxfurry to launch patent infringement case before Guangzhou IP Court and win the injunction and damages.
- Represented defendant Beijing Jieshi in preliminary injunction proceedings in Beijing IP Court. Successfully invalidated the patent and forced the plaintiff to withdraw the case.
- Represented Delphi Laser in patent invalidation series cases and all the way through appeals to the Retrial before the Supreme Court, all of which successfully maintaining the original invalidation decision.
- Represented US Global Imagination to initiate patent infringement litigation in Beijing and win the injunction and damages. Successfully defended the patent not to be invalidated against validity challenges for 3 times. Launched IP Complaint Service in Exhibition in Chengdu in 2018.
- Represented Zeng Shengke in an important case for public oral hearing with over 120 audiences, with press coverage such as China IP.
- Represented Yalian to successfully challenge the validity of 2 patents at the same time against Siempelkamp.
Publications and Presentations
Publications that Mr. YAO has authored include
- “IP ENFORCEMENT AT TRADE FAIRS INCHINA”,AsiaIP, 2013
- “MAKING THE MOST OF THE CUSTOMS”, MIP2016 inFocus, 2016
- “CHINA’SEVOLVING SPECIALIST COURTS”, MIP AIPLA Daily Report, October 29, 2016
- “COURT PROVIDES SEP GUIDANCE IN CHINA”, MIP 2017 Mid-year, June/July issue, 2017
- “Breaking the damages dilemma in China patent litigation”, MIP 2017 End of Year, December issue, 2017
- “ANALYZING THE SUPREME COURT’S STANCE ON SUFFICIENT DISCLOSURE”, MIP 2018, China IP Focus
- “What is a Scope of a Functional Limintation in China”, Asia IP 2018, May issue
- Coauthor in the book <FRAND Case Selection> 2018
Presentation that Mr. YAO has made include
- “METHOD FEATURES IN CLAIMS OF UTILITY MODEL PATENT”, AIPLA China forum, 2014
- “TRADE SECRET PROTECTION INCHINA”, AIPPI China-US Forum, 2016
- “Analysis on SEP rules in China”, International IP Business 2018 Forum, 2018
- Several Presentations on “Intelligent Tank” inside LS law firm
All-China Lawyers Association (ACLA)
All-China Patent Agents Association (ACPAA)
Association Internationale pour la Protection de la Propriété Intellectuelle (AIPPI)
Beijing
Patent
Telecommunication,Computer Science,Internet Technology,E-commerce,Artificial Intelligence,Big Data Processing,Electronics Engineering,Semiconductor
Chinese,English
Mr. Yu specializes in providing legal services related to patent law, including patent prosecution, patent invalidation, Patent litigation and client counseling, with a focus on communication technologies, electronics & circuit, signal processing, computer technologies, artificial Intelligence, Internet & e-commerce technologies.
Based on 17-year experiences in patent prosecution and litigation, Mr. Yu deeply understands the patent legal system of China. Mr. Yu has the expertise to design litigation strategies suitable for specific cases and adjust and implement the strategies with progress of the cases. As a leading attorney, Mr. Yu has handled patent disputes for various international and domestic companies. In recent years, Mr. Yu have represented many Multination and Chinese companies to successfully handle a series of high-profile patent infringement lawsuits.
Mr. Yu has also conducted various patent analysis and evaluation affairs, including FTO analysis, patent validity analysis, pre-litigation analysis, SEP analysis, etc., providing powerful support for the clients in their decision-making in China. Mr. Yu has also prosecuted a large amount of patent applications for clients, covering wireless communication, AI, medical devices, IoT, electronics,etc.
Mr. Yu obtained his L.L.M. degree from John Marshall Law School in U.S. in 2015 and obtained his master's degree and bachelor’s degree from Tsinghua University in 2004 and 2001. He also received training from a US law firm in 2007.
REPRESENTATIVE CASES
1. Represented Qualcomm in Qualcomm v. Apple: handled over four patent infringement litigations and patent invalidation cases in wireless communication and smart device fields and won all the patent invalidation cases; the litigation cases have been settled.
2. Represented Samsung in Huawei v. Samsung: handled over three SEP and Non-SEP patent infringement litigations and related patent invalidation cases in wireless communication and smart device fields, and won most of the patent invalidation cases; the litigation cases have been settled.
3. Represented SolarEdge in SolarEdge v. Huawei: handled three invalidation cases in Solar Inverter field; the three cases are ongoing.
4. Represented Novatek in Novatek v. Focal Tech: handled one invalidation case in touch detection field and won this case.
5. Represented Skyworks in Skyworks v. ChiefTech: handled the patent infringement litigation and related patent invalidation case in power management device; the case was settled.
6. Represented Skyworks in Skyworks v. Sanet: handled the patent infringement litigation and related patent invalidation case in power management device; the case was settled.
7. Entrusted by an International pharmaceutical company to conduct due diligence on a Chinese medical device company in which they will invest, including conducing a FTO analysis for a certain capsule gastroscope which is the key product of the Chinese company.
8. Entrusted by an investment company to conduct a FTO analysis on a certain multiple-axis machine tool produced by a Chinese company so as to provide support for the investment decision-making.
9. Entrusted by a Japanese wireless communication company to conduct patent mapping in natural language analysis field and in digital marketing technology field respectively to support their R&D decision-making.
10. Entrusted by an AI-based chip company to provide analysis on compliance risks in view of related provisions of USA.
Articles:
- “China’s evolving patent system”, 2015 annual meeting of The American Intellectual Property Law Association (AIPLA)
- “Consideration on technical effect under priority system”, Asia IP, 2018
Presentations:
- “Watch or March – IP Protection Strategy in China”, MIP IP in Asia Forum 2016, London & Paris
- “Updates on standard essential patents in China”, AIPPI Japan, China, Korea Trilateral Meting 2018, Nagoya, Japan
All-China Lawyers Association (ACLA)
All-China Patent Agents Association (ACPAA)
Association Internationale pour la Protection de la Propriété Intellectuelle (AIPPI)
Committee member of China National Intellectual Property Youth Association
北京
特許
材料,インターネット技術,半導体
中国語,英語,日本語
2006年に入所した以来、機械、材料、半導体、燃料電池、通信など、幅広い技術分野で活躍している。無効審判、行政訴訟、民事侵害案件を取り扱うとともに、権利有効性鑑定、権利抵触性鑑定、証拠収集、訴訟戦略策定の経験も豊富である。また、海外企業の中国での権利活用、権利譲渡、特許ライセンス案件にも数多く関与している。特に、日本語グループのリーダーとして日系企業を代理する経験が豊富である。日本の特許制度と日系企業のやり方をよく理解するので、日中法律上の相違点を意識しながらクライアントに適切なアドバイスを提供できる。
2002年に日本佐賀大学機械工学科で博士課程（エネルギー及び先端材料専攻）を修了し、博士号を取得した。2013年にアメリカのThe John Marshall Law Schoolで知的財産法専攻修士課程（LLM）を修了した。
2003年～2006年に、日本有名な特許法律事務所で勤務し、特許出願と中国法律相談を担当した。2004年に中国弁理士資格を取得し、2009年に弁護士資格を取得した。
訴訟及び無効案件
- 日系金融機器メーカーの代理人として、特許侵害訴訟に対応し、非侵害抗弁が二審裁判所に認められ、勝訴判決を獲得した。さらに、無効審判にてかかる特許権を全部無効にさせた。
- 日本大手総合エレクトロニクスメーカーの代理人として無効審判請求に対応し、かかる特許権の全部有効が維持された。
- 日本大手電機メーカーの代理人として意匠権無効審判請求に対応し、かかる意匠権の全部有効が維持された。
- 日本二輪車部品メーカーの代理人として、かかる特許についてヨーロッパで異議申立てが受けられた状況で、中国における特許無効審判に対応し、特許権の全部有効が維持された。
- シーメンズ社の代理人として、審決取消訴訟において二審裁判所で逆転勝訴し、拒絶査定が取消され、かかる特許出願を特許査定とさせた。
- 株式会社小糸製作所の代理人として特許無効審判請求に対応し、かかる特許権の全部有効が維持された。
- 本田技研工業株式会社の代理人として特許無効審判請求に対応し、かかる特許権の全部有効が維持された。
- 株式会社カネカの代理人として、無効審判と審決取消訴訟に対応し、一審、二審とも勝訴し、特許権の全部有効が維持された。
法律相談案件
- スウェーデンのベビー用品メーカーの権利行使に協力し、証拠収集と侵害鑑定を行ったうえ、被疑侵害者に対して警告状を発送した。被疑侵害者は関連製品をネットショップから撤回し、今後権利侵害行為を行わないとの書面上の承諾もした。
- ある自動車部品メーカーの依頼を受け、一連の特許権について侵害鑑定と有効性鑑定を行い、クライアントの特許侵害リスト回避に協力した。
- ある化学製品メーカーの依頼を受け、一連の特許権について侵害鑑定と有効性鑑定を行い、権利行使戦略を策定し、クライアントは特許ライセンス交渉に有利な立場になるよう協力した。結局、特許ライセンス契約は成功に結び付けた。
- ある電子製品メーカーの特許ライセンス交渉に協力し、一連の特許権について侵害鑑定と有効性鑑定を行うとともに、交渉中の特許関連問題を積極的に対応し、特許ライセンスの最終的な締結に協力した。
- あるタバコメーカーのため無効調査、特許有効性鑑定、FTOを実施した。
- ある日本化学品メーカーのため日中職務発明制度の研究を行い、その中国子会社の職務発明制度の制定に協力した。
- ある鉄鋼メーターの技術輸出入に関する法律相談を受け、技術輸出入契約のチェックを行った。
- あるタバコメーカーの特許権譲渡契約をチェックし、特許権譲渡が成功になるよう協力した。
著作・講演･国際会議
- 「信義誠実原則の専利法への導入及び実務上の可能な適用」（共著）、北京弁護士協会WeChat公式アカウント、2021.9.28。
- 「特許侵害訴訟における証拠収集」、2021年第2回JETRO中国IPG全体会合、上海、2021.7.8。
- 「侵害損害賠償の立証はどうする？１０件の判例からアドバイスを」（共著）、知産力WeChat公式アカウント、2021.6.25。
- 「中国における抵触出願制度および実務上の対応」（共著）、パテント，Vol.74 No.1，2021。
- 「What impact do TIER amendments have on technology transfer contracts」、MIP Japanese Buyers’Guide、2019.10。
- 「Keeping it confidential」（panel moderator）, 2017 IPBC Asia, Tokyo, October 2017.
- 「拒絶理由の対応」、JETRO中国IPG人材育成委員会知財一般実務研修会講演、北京、2017年6月。
- 「特許権侵害司法解釈の二の紹介」、日中弁理士協会交流会講演、北京、2016年5月。
- 「Strategies for successful patent prosecution」(panel moderator), MIP China International IP Forum, Beijing, June 12, 2014.
活動
- 中国知識産権研究会理事
- AIPPI中国分会Q221専門委員会委員
中華全国弁護士会
中華全国弁理士会
国際知的財産権協会中国分会（AIPPI）
Beijing
Trademark,Copyright
Chinese,English
Ms. Yuan joined Liu, Shen & Associates in 2008 as a trademark attorney and got her qualification as an attorney at law in 2009. Her practice encompasses trademark prosecution, invalidation, litigation, and corporate Trademark counseling. Her expertise is in trademark clearance and filing strategies, trademark strategies, filing trademarks throughMadridsystem.
Ms. Yuan holds a Bachelor of English Literature fromWuhanUniversityand a Master of Intellectual Property fromFranklinPierceLawCenter(nowLawSchoolof theUniversityofNew Hampshire). She received training from Birch, Stewart, Kolasch & Birch, LLP in 2008.
Representative cases that Ms. Yuan has led or participated include
- LEGO JURIS A/S (Denmark) v. TRAB, a trademark litigation case, representing LEGO arguing LEGO’s minifigures are inherently registrable as a trademark.
- NXP B.V. (Netherlands) v. Goodark Company (Taiwan), representing NXP winning oppositions based on copyright right against trademark right;
- QUIKSILVER INTERNATIONAL PTY LTD (Australia) v. Jinjiang Xinnuo Tradding Co., Ltd. (China), representing Quiksilver winning trademark opposition based on prior trademark and prior copyright;
- NEXT RETAIL LIMITED (UK) v. Guangzhou Baosheng Development Co., Ltd. (mainland China), a trademark litigation case, representing NEXT to convince the court to break sub-class system;
- Tripod Company (Taiwan) v. Beijing Golden Star Company (mainland China), representing TRIPOD in trademark litigation case, convincing the court to recognize Tripod’s prior use and reputation and cancel part of Golden Star’s goods;
- OBI PHARMA Inc.(Taiwan) v. TRAB, representing OBI PHARMA to negotiate with the owner of cited mark, who has agreed to cancel their conflicting goods, and convincing the court to rule to approve the registration of OBI PHARMA’s house mark in Chinese after the cancellation became effective;
- Megvii Co., Ltd.(mainland China) v. TRAB, representing Megvii to negotiate with the owner of cited mark, who has agreed to provide letter of consent and assign the cited mark to Megvii, and convincing the court to accordingly approve the registration of an important mark of Megvii in the second instance.
Publication
- Issues in trade mark licensing, TRADEMARK TIMES, 2017 INTA;
- Lack of divisional application and partial assignment, Management of Inetellectual Property 2017;
- Examining non-trademark rights protected by Chinese Trademark Law, Management of Intellectual Property 2018.
Typical Counseling Cases
- Trademark counseling for three European companies and one US company for 6 years.
- Trademark counseling for two Chinese IT companies for 3 years.
All-China Lawyers Association (ACLA)
Beijing
Patent
Mechanical Engineering
Chinese,English
Ms. Yan joined Liu, Shen & Associates in 2003 and got qualification as a patent attorney in 2010. She specializes in communications with clients, procedure management for application request and examination, verifying the filling documents, monitoring the deadline in the procedure of examination and reexamination, coordinating the matters between procedure person and agent person.
Ms. Yan had a bachelor’s degree of environment engineer from the Capital University of Economics and Business in 2002.
Ms. Yan assisted Mr. Jay Sha’s group joined in Liu, Shen & Associates with three thousand applications/patents in 2008. She managed procedure matters and monitored the deadline for all the applications/patents of Jay’s group. Also she was in charge of the communications and coordination between this new group and Liu, Shen. In final, Mr. Jay Sha’s group finished the transferring smoothly.
All-China Patent Agents Association (ACPAA)
Chengdu
Patent
Organic Chemistry,Bio & Pharmaceutical,Chemical Engineering
Chinese,English
Mr. Yang joined Liu, Shen in July 2020. He specializes in patent-related intellectual property agency, involving various stages of Patents Entering Chinese and Overseas Patent Applications. His practice areas involve pharmaceutical, biological, chemical and materials industries.
Mr. Yang was admitted as a patent attorney in 2020.
Mr. Yang received his Bachelor’s degree in applied chemistry from Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST) in 2017, and Master’s degrees in organic chemistry from Sichuan University in 2020.
All-China Patent Agents Association (ACPAA)
Beijing
Trademark
Chinese,English
Ms. Yang joined Liu, Shen & Associates in 2010 and became a qualified patent attorney in 2015. She specializes in design patent prosecution with a focus on Mechanism, electrical engineering.
Ms. Yang had a bachelor's degree from Tianjin University of Technology and Education in 2009.
Beijing
Patent
Medical Devices,Chemical Engineering
Chinese,English
Ms. Yang joined Liu, Shen & Associates in 2013 and became a qualified patent attorney in 2015. She specializes in patent prosecution with a focus on chemical engineering, polymer chemistry, material science and so on.
Ms. Yang had her master of science degree in chemistry from Peking University.
Beijing
Patent
Electrical Engineering,Medical Devices
Chinese,English,German
Ms. Yang's practice focuses mainly on patent prosecution. She has successfully handled hundreds of patent filings and prosecuting cases for a plurality of well-known corporations, covering various technical fields, particularly the fields of electrical engineering and automation, power electronics, medical devices.
Ms. Yang had a master's degree from Beijing Jiaotong University in 2006. Before joining this firm, Ms. Yang worked as a patent engineer in an IP law firm in Beijing.
Beijing
Patent
Electrical Engineering,Electrooptical Technology,Material Science,Semiconductor
Chinese,English
PROFILE
Education: Master's degree
University: Zhejiang University (2006)
Qualification: Patent Attorney (2009)
SUMMARY
Ms. Yi joined Liu,
Shen & Associates in 2008 and became a qualified patent attorney in 2009.
She specializes in patent applications, re-examination and client counseling
with a focus on display device, semiconductor device and process, material
science, optical device, quantum dot, electrical engineering and automatic
control.
Ms. Yi got her qualification as an attorney at law in 2009. She has participated in many patent applications, re-examination and client counseling every year.
Ms.Yi had a master's degree from Zhejiang University in 2006. Before joining this firm, Ms. Yi worked as a Patent engineer at Lecome Intellectual Property Agent Ltd. for two years.
Ms. Yi attended Summer School on IP in Europe organized by the Centre for International Intellectual Property Studies (CEIPI) in Strasbourg in Paris during June 27 to July 8, 2016
Publications that Ms Yi has authored include:
- Trade Secret and Patent Protection in China, Co-author, Asia IP, July 2016
- How to enjoy the grace period for novelty in China, Newsletter, March 2022
- Case analysis on Double Patenting Forbidden, Co-author, IP LINK, November 2023
All-China Patent Agents Association (ACPAA)
